Grammar Reference

 

W.1 ■ be

Affirmative
I	'm (= am)	at home.
We / You / They	're (= are)
He / She / It	's (= is)
Negative
I	'm not (= am not)	at home.
We / You / They	're not  / aren't (= are not)
He / She / It	isn't (= is not)
Questions and short answers
Am	I	at home?	Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
Are	we / you / they		Yes, you are. No, we aren't.
Is	he / she / it		Yes, he is. No, she isn't.

W.2 ■ Possessive adjectives

Subject pronoun	Possessive adjective
I	my
you	your
he	his
she	her
it	its
we	our
they	their

• We use possessive adjectives to show who possesses something.

This is my bag.

He's in their house.

W.3 ■ this, that, these, those

Singular
this box ❑	❑   that box
Plural
these boxes ❑❑❑	❑❑❑   those boxes

• We use this and these for things and people that are near to us.
• We use that and those for things and people that aren't very near.

W.4 ■ have got

Affirmative
I We You They	've (= have) got	a new phone
He She It	's (= have) got
Negative
I We You They	haven't (= have not) got	a cat.
He She It	hasn't (= has not) got
Questions and short answers
Have	I we you they	got a brother?	Yes, I have. No, we haven't.
Has	he she it		Yes, he has. No, she hasn't.

W.5 ■ Object pronouns

Subject pronoun	Object pronoun
I	me
you	you
he	him
she	her
it	it
we	us
they	them

W.6 ■ Articles: a / an and the

a / an

• We use a with singular nouns when the next word starts with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, etc.):

a ball, a desk, a tree

• We use an with singular nouns when the next word starts with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u):

an apple, an insect

We use a / an with singular nouns when:

• we mention something for the first time.

There is a house near my school.

• we describe a person or thing.

We've got an old dog.

She's a tall, slim young woman now.

• we say what someone's job is.

Her mother is a doctor.

the

We use the before singular and plural nouns when:

• we refer to something that was mentioned before.

I've got a new computer and a new phone. I like the computer but I don't like the phone.

• there is only one of something

I'm at the park. (There is only one park.)